Appendicitis is an inflammation of the inner lining of the vermiform appendix

Appendix is continuation of the caecum and is first delineated during 5th month of gestation Worm-like extension –> hence called Vermiform Average length is 8-10 cm ( range 2-20 cm ) Has no fixed position ( hence the variation in presentation and diagnostic difficulty )

No longer thought as vestigeal -repository for commensal bacteria that assist in normal digestive processes and may allow for recolonization of the intestinal flora in times of enteric bacterial destruction ( Rosen’s )

Faecolith Normal stool Lymphoid hyperplasia Indigestible food Mucus Parasites Tumours-Increased intraluminal pressure Bacterial overgrowth Ischaemia Necrosis-Perforation & other complications as
 
Appendix mass Adhesions
Appendix abscess Peritonitis Sepsis Death

No known genetic cause but increased risk has been observed in some studies in those with a positive family history

Most common acute surgical abdominal emergency Most common non-obstetric surgical emergency in pregnancy Most common between ages 10-20 yrs More common in males Lifetime risk is 8.6 % in males and 6.9 % in females Lifetime appendicectomy rate is 12 % in males and 23 % in females Perforation is found in 13-20 % Normal appendix is found in 15-40 % of patients who have an emergency appendectomy Misdiagnosed in 25-30 % children ( second most common cause of malpractice litigation against emergency physicians )
 Risk factors for appendicitis are
○ Age → most common 10-20 yrs
○ Male sex
○ frequent antibiotic use
○ Smoking ( incl exposure to passive smoking )
○ low fibre diet
○ less than 6 months of breast feeding

Diagnosis-Notoriously difficult to diagnose Classic clinical picture
○ anorexia
○ periumbilical pain followed by 
 nausea
 RLQ pain
○ Vomiting
 Nausea and vomiting present in 75 %
Vomiting usually occurs once or twice Usually no significant changes in vital signs Fever – mild ( 1* or 1.8 *F rise ) Bowel sounds may be reduced on rt Duration of symptoms is less than 48 hrs in approximately 80 % of adults ( can be longer in elderly or in those with perforation )

Pain-Abdominal pain is the chief complain
○ tenderness on percussion at McBurneys pt ( 2/3rds of the way along a line drawn from umbilicus to the ASISpine )
○ guarding
○ rebound tenderness Migratory pain -> symptoms begin as peri-umbilical or epigastric pain migrating to the RLQ
Sensitivity and specificity of 80 %
Positive likelihood ratio of 3.18
Negative likelihood ratio of 0.5 Pain is worse with movement so patients
lie down
Flex their hips
draw their knees up
 Children – ask them to hop ( refusal indicates pain is worsened by hopping )
 Classical abdominal findings will be absent if appendix is in a atypical position
○ only 40 % of patients have the base of appendix within 3 cm of McBurney’s pt
○ 36 % have the base > 5 cm away – they can present with LLQ , Rt flank or back pain
 Peritoneal signs ( Rovsing’s , Psoas & Obturator ) are less commonly seen

Blood- elevated WCC , CRP , granulocyte count or proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes ( > 75 % ) Urine- pregnancy , infection , colic CT ( ideally with contrast ) is the most accurate examination for evaluating patients without a clear clinical diagnosis Scoring systems have been developed ( eg Alvarado score ) but in adults scoring systems have been inadequate as a single method Ultra-sound – limits radiation ( eg preferred in children ) MRI – in pregnancy results comparable following equivocal or inconclusive US

Medical emergency → needs immediate hospital admission Risk of complications increase with duration of symptoms Keep a very low threshold for admitting
○ Infants and young children
○ Elderly people
○ Pregnant women
○ If any signs of complications present It is unclear if antibiotics alone are a suitable treatment for non-complicated appendicitis ( in comparison to surgery )

References

1.  Acute Appendicitis BMJ 2017 ; 357:j 1703
2. Appendicitis CKS NHS February 2016 https://cks.nice.org.uk/appendicitis
3. e Medicine Appendicitis Sandy Craig et al January 2017 https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773895-overview
4. GP Online Clinical Review : Acute Appendicitis Miss Sophie-Ann Welchman July 2011https://www.gponline.com/clinical-review-acute-appendicitis/gi-tract/article/1078012
5. Review Article Vermiform Appendix and Acute Appendicitis Sanjay Kumar Bhasin, Arsad Bashir Khan, Vijay Kumar, Sanjay Sharma, Rakesh Saraf JK Science Vol 9 No 4 , October- December 2007 http://jkscience.org/archive/volume94/Review%20Article/VERMIFORM%20APPENDIX.pdf
6. CrackCast Show Notes Chapter 93- Appendicitis https://canadiem.org/crackcast-e093-appendicitis/
7. BMJ Best Practice Acute Appendicitis https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/290
8. Clinical Policy : Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Emergency Department Patients with Suspected Appendicitis Howell JM et al Ann Emerg Med. 2010 Jan;55(1):71-116. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.10.004
9. American College of Radiology ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Right Lower Quadrant Pain-Suspected Appendicitis https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69357/Narrative/
10. S.A. Kabir, S.I. Kabir, R. Sun, Sadaf Jafferbhoy, Ahmed Karim,
    How to diagnose an acutely inflamed appendix; a systematic review of the latest evidence,
    International Journal of Surgery, Volume 40, 2017, Pages 155-162, ISSN 1743-9191,
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.03.013.
11. Humes, D J, and J Simpson. “Acute appendicitis.” BMJ (Clinical research ed.) vol. 333,7567 (2006): 530-4. doi:10.1136/bmj.38940.664363.AE
12. Humes, D J, and J Simpson. “Acute appendicitis.” BMJ (Clinical research ed.) vol. 333,7567 (2006): 530-4. doi:10.1136/bmj.38940.664363.AE
13. Rasmussen T, Fonnes S, Rosenberg J. Long-Term Complications of Appendectomy: A Systematic Review. Scand J Surg. 2018;107(3):189-196. doi:10.1177/1457496918772379